More observations. Computer off for 3 days. Power it on, battery is fully charged, 100%. So no power drain at all while off. External DP monitor working, USB keyboard and mouse working. Computer is running on battery power only, even though it is plugged in, and the dock is powered on with the supplied power supply and cable. No post errors.
Substitute Lenovo 65W power supply instead of Anker 60W power supply. Same issue, so it’s not the Anker supplied power supply or the Anker supplied power cable.
Power down. Plug computer into the dock power supply and thin power USB-C cable only, bypassing the dock. Power on the laptop, and the battery is charging at reboot. This is the same behavior one would expect with the Lenovo supplied Power supply.
Power down. plug the dock back in. Thin power cable to the dock, thick data cable to the computer. Power on. Peripherals work, laptop is not charging. Unplug data cable at the computer, peripherals stop responding, windows device disconnect sounds chime. Plug it back in, all peripherals come back on, and the computer charges. It behaves the same using the Anker or Lenovo Power supply and cable.
This is 100% repeatable with multiple Lenovo E595 / Anker A8390 dock combos. It does not happen with two other different branded docks.
Still no response from tech support, beyond the automated email when I submitted the question.