There are a lot of fast charging standards out there, as you’re seeing. Most phones only support one officially, but by its nature could work with others. How much your charger’s output is doesn’t matter so much as it supporting a compatible fast charging standard.
Anker PowerIQ (aka PowerIQ 1.0) has a max output of 12W. It was made with the old Apple 2.4A standard in mind. It’ll fast charge iPhone 4 through today’s models. But newer iPhones can charge a bit faster using USB Power Delivery.
Anker PowerIQ 2.0 mimics Quick Charge 3.0, supporting the same power profiles. As such it fast charges Samsung phones. As well as Android phones that support Quick Charge. It also tends to support the old Apple 2.4A, so it can fast charge iPhones with their older standard.
Qualcomm Quick Charge 3.0 is connected to Qualcomm’s mobile processor chips. As such only Android phones will support the standard. Samsung and Motorola use their own standard which mimics QC, so they tend to be compatible. iPhone will never use QC, as Apple won’t give up making their own processor.
USB Power Delivery is an open standard that works through USB-C connections. It ranges from 15-100W. Though most phones hang out around 18W. iPhone 8 and newer models support PD. As do Google Pixels. It is uncommon on Android phones in general, due to Qualcomm’s grip on the device makers. PowerIQ 2.0 is completely incompatible with PD.
Fast charging in general works from 0-50%, then drops off. By 70% it stops altogether, with normal charge rates taking over. The point is to get your phone some power (~50%) in as short an amount of time as possible (under an hour). Doing so produces heat, which over long term can impact battery life. So fast charging cuts off between 50-70% (depending on phone model) to save the battery’s lifespan.
I have further reading available if you like:
USB Fast Charging Standards
Fast Charging USB-C Android Phones
Fast Charging iPhones with USB-C